 hese references were used in the two-part article on the Inverted U Hypothesis that appears in the May and June 2002 issues of Aquatics International:
° CABON (P); COBLENTZ (A); MOLLARD (R.); FOUILLOT (J.P.). Human vigilance in railway and long-haul flight operation. Ergonomics, 1993, 36, 9, pp. 1019-1033.
° CABON (P.); MOLLARD (R.); COBLENTZ (A.). Prevention of decreases of vigilance of aircrew during long haul flights: practical recommendations. Eighth International Symposium on Aviation Psychology, Columbus, Ohio, April 24-27, 1995, pp. 914-920.
° CABON (P.); MOLLARD (R); BOUGRINE (S.); COBLENTZ (A.). J-J. SPEYER. Coping with long-range flying. Recommendations for crew rest and alertness. Airbus Industrie ed.- Blagnac: November 1995, 215 p.
° DINGES (D); JAUREGUI (B); NGUYEN (L). Changing Behavior to Prevent Drowsy Driving and Promote Traffic Safety: Review of Proven, Promising and Unproven Techniques. AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety, 1998.
www.aaafoundation.org/resources/index.cfm?button=drowsy
° ELLIS AND ASSOCIATES, www.jellis.com/news/01news/december/vigilancebyjeff.htm
° FENNER (P.); LEALHY (S.); BUHK (A.); DAWES (P.). Prevention of drowning: visual scanning and attention span in lifeguards. The Journal of Occupational Health and Safety — Australia and New Zealand, 1999, 15 (1) pp. 61-66.
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° GRIFFITHS, STEEL and VACCARO, “Relationship Between Anxiety and Performance in SCUBA Diving, Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1979, 48, pp. 1009-1010.
° GRIFFITHS, STEEL, VACCARO and KARPMAN, “The Effects of Relaxation Techniques on Anxiety and Underwater Performance,” The International Journal of Sport Psychology, 1981, 12, pp. 176-182.
° GIRFFITHS, STEEL and VOGELSONG. “The 1995 National Lifeguard Survey: How WaterPark Lifeguards Fared,” Splash magazine, April 1996, pp. 26-28.
° GRIFFITHS, CHAMBERS and STEEL. “Survey Results: Systematic Scanning For Lifeguards,” Parks and Recreation magazine, 1995, pp. 40-47.
° GRIFFITHS, VOGELSONG and STEEL. “Results of the 1996 National Lifeguard Survey,” Parks and Recreation magazine, 1997, pp. 62-68.
° GRIFFITHS , STEEL and VOGELSONG. “Lifeguard Behaviors and Systematic Scanning Strategies.” DROWNING: New Perspectives on Intervention and Prevention, Fletemeyer and Freis, Eds, CRC Press, 1999, pp. 267-279.
° GRIFFITHS. “All Along the Watch Tower,” Aquatics International, 1998, pp.14.
° GRIFFITHS, VOGELSONG and STEEL. “Results of the 1998 Lifeguard Survey — Keeping their Guard up,” Aquatics International, 2000, pp. 36-38.
° HANSUCKER (J.); JEN-GWO CHEN (J.). An examination of fatigue and vigilance during lifeguard training activities. Advances in Industrial Ergonomics and Safety VI, Taylors & Francis, 1994, pp.209-212.
° HARRELL (A.). Lifeguards' vigilance: effects of child-adult ratio and lifeguard positioning on scanning by lifeguards. Psychological reports, 1999, 84, 193-197.
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° JERISON (H.J.); PICKETT (R.M.). Vigilance: the importance of the elicited observing rate, Science, 1964, 113, pp. 970-971.
° MACKWORTH (N.H.). Researches in the measurement of human performance. MRC spec. Report 268 HMSO, 1950.
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° MAYCOCK (G.). Driver sleepiness as a factor in a car and HGV accidents. (Technical report 169). Crowtone. UK : Transport and research laboratory, 1996.
° MOLLARD (R.); COBLENTZ (A.); COINTOT (B.); CABON (P.); BESLOT (P.). Sleepiness and accidents on the highways: a field study. The American Industrial Hygiene Conference & Exposition, Dallas (Etats-Unis), 17-23 May 1997.
° NORMAN (S.); BILLINGS (C.E.); NAGEL (D.); PALMER (E.); WIENER (E.L.); WOODS (D.D.). Aircraft automation philosophy: a source document. NASA/Industry/FAA workshop, Flight Deck automation: promises and realities, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Ames Research Center, California, 1988.
° PACK (A.). Characteristics of crashes attributed to the driver having fallen asleep. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 1995, 27 (6), 769-75.
° PARASURAMAN (R.); BAHRI (T.); MOLLOY (R.); SINGH (I.). Effects of shifts in the level of automation on operator performance.- In : Jensen R.S. (ed.) Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Aviation Psychology, 1991, pp. 102-107.
° PERKINS (R.E.); HILL (A.B.). Cognitive and affective aspects of boredom. British Journal of Psychology, 1985, 76 (2), pp. 221-234.
° PEPLER (1953). The effects of climatic factors on the performance of skilled tasks by young European men living in the tropics: 4. A task of prolonged visual vigilance (MRC-156/53) Medical Research Council, Apply Psychology Unit.
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° PIGEAU (R.A.); ANGUS (R.G.); O’NEILL (P.); MACK (I.)- Vigilance latencies to aircraft detection among NORAD surveillance operations. Human Factors, 1995, 37 (3), pp. 622-634.
° PLUM, Fred, M.D. and POSNER, Jerome, M.D. The Diagnosis of Stupor and Coma, F.A. Davis Company, Philadelphia, 1972.
° POSEIDON TECHNOLOGIES. www.poseidon-tech.com/us/lifeguarding.html.
° RAVIZZA, KEN and HANSON, TOM. Heads-Up Baseball, Masters Press, 1994,
Chicago, Illinois.
° VERWEY (W.B.); ZAIDEL (D.M.). Preventing drowsiness accidents by an alertness maintenance device. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 1999, 31, pp. 199-211.
° WIENER (E.L.); CURRY (R.E.). Flight deck automation: promises and problems. Ergonomics, 23, 1980, pp. 995-1011.
° WILLIAMS (J.M.); ANDERSEN (M.B.). Psychosocial influences on central and peripheral vision and reaction time during demanding tasks. Behavioural Medicine, 1997, 22(4), pp. 160-167.
° WILKINSON (R.T.). Interaction of noise with knowledge of results and sleep deprivation. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1963, 66, pp.332-337.
° YERKES (R.M.); DODSON (J.D.). The relation of strength of stimulus to rapidity of habit-formation. Journal of Comparative Neurophysiological Psychology, 1908, 18, 459, pp.459-482.
Tom Griffiths, Ed.D., a member of the Aquatics International Advisory Board, is Penn State University’s director of aquatics and safety officer in State College, Pa. He will chair an international task force on scanning at the World Congress on Drowning, June 26-28, 2002 in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. He can be reached at tjg4@psu.edu.
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